indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
Bible; the Scriptures; Holy Writ
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
pot; volcanic crater; (one's) buttocks; male homosexual; effeminate man
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
deep (colour); dark; strong (flavour, smell, etc.); thick (consistency); dense; strong (possibility, etc.)
make-up; makeup; cosmetics
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
suffix for familiar person
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
old person; elderly person; trustee of the Japan Sumo Association; retired high-ranking wrestler who is licensed to coach and receives retirement pay; senior statesman (of the Tokugawa shogunate); important local official (under the Tokugawa Shogunate)
to age; to grow old (esp. in appearance); to show marks of age
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
unexpectedly; surprisingly; unexpected; unanticipated; unforeseen
young; youthful; immature; green; low (number); small
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
pet saying; favorite phrase (favorite); stock phrase; manner of talking
to fret (over); to brood (about); to mope; worriedly; (fretting) constantly; (worrying) over this and that
to open (e.g. doors); to open (e.g. business, etc.); to be empty; to be vacant; to be available; to be open (e.g. neckline, etc.); to have been opened (of one's eyes, mouth, etc.)
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
strange; weird; wonder; mystery; cleverness; adroitness
speech; tongue; dialect; brogue; bento; Japanese box lunch; petal
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
that; the matter in question
extempore; impromptu; improvised; ad-lib; off-the-cuff; instant
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
women's language; word used by women
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet