why; how; for what reason
to drink; to swallow; to smoke (tobacco); to swallow up; to engulf; to suppress (one's anger, bitter feelings, etc.); to keep down
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
anecdote; brief (comic) story
hereditary occupational group (Yamato period)
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
on a routine basis; regularly; habitually
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
colour; color; complexion; skin colour; look (on one's face); expression; appearance
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
top and bottom; high and low; going up and down; rising and falling; going and coming back; upper and lower classes; ruler and ruled
to turn inside out; to turn the other way; to turn (something) over
to look into; to peep into; to peer into
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to become muddy; to become cloudy; to become dull (of a sound, color, etc.); to become indistinct; to become impure (of one's heart, a society, etc.); to be corrupted
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
a little; a bit; a little while; a short time; a little way; a short distance
yellowish; tinged with yellow
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
face; visage; look; (facial) expression; honor (honour); face; influence
after all; because; but; even; too; as well