indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
piece of junk; worn-out article; clumsy; useless; dismantled car; hitting (with fist)
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
Golden Week; string of public holidays in late April-early May
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
(something) has never occurred; to have never done (something); such a thing has not happened; never happens; there is never a time when
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
apartment building; apartment block; apartment house; apartment
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
in drops; dripping; gently (sloping); sluggishly; endlessly; leisurely
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
time; hour; period; class
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to spend (time); to pass; to overdo (esp. alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); to take care of; to support
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
older brother; elder brother; brother (as older-brother figure in friendly and or work relationship); young man; buddy
now; the present time; just now; another; more
spare time; free time; time (it takes to do something); time required; time off; leave; dismissal
uninterested; unconcerned; plain; light; flowing gently
tone (of voice); manner of talking
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
sour look; surly face; pout
to picture; to come into one's mind; to remember
it seems that ...; it appears that ...; is like ...; is similar to ...
super-; ultra-; extremely; really; of course; definitely
busy; occupied; hectic; restless; hurried; fidgety
business; things to do; engagement; errand; affairs
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)