indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
dangerous; risky; awful; terrible; terrific; amazing
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to turn toward; to look (up, down, etc.); to face (e.g. east) (of a building, window, etc.); to look out on; to point (of an arrow, compass needle, etc.); to be suited to
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to speak; to hear a voice
anyone; anybody; everyone; everybody; whoever
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to turn one's face; to turn around; to look over one's shoulder
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
palm tree (any tree of family Arecaceae)
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to resemble; to look like; to be like; to be alike; to be similar; to take after
(tree) trunk; (arrow) shaft; (tool) handle; backbone; base
fat; thick; deep (of a voice); thick; daring; shameless
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
shade; shadow; behind (something); other side; background; behind the scenes
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
silver hair; gray hair; grey hair
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing