early autumn (fall); seventh month of the lunar calendar
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
wind; breeze; manner; behaviour; cold; influenza
dreary; bleak; monotonous; tasteless; unrefined
garden; yard; courtyard; field (of action); area
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hardy begonia (Begonia grandis)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to enliven (e.g. a conversation); to animate; to engage in enthusiastically; to become successful and well known
to crowd; to flock; to swarm
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
vivid; bright; brilliant; skillful; skilful; adept
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
hot; warm; passionate; impassioned; on everybody's mind; on the radar
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
shoji (paper sliding door)
to release; to let go; to free; to add (pieces of eggplant, potato, etc.) to water, broth, etc.
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
faint; dim; weak; poor; wretched; meagre
to shake; to sway; to waver
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
dimly; faintly; absentmindedly; vacantly; idly; aimlessly
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to look at; to gaze at; to look out over; to get a view of; to look on (from the sidelines); to stand by and watch
every day; daily; day after day; days (e.g. good old days)
exhausting work; hard work; severe duty
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
koku; traditional unit of volume, approx. 180.4 litres; measure of a Japanese-style boat's loading capacity (approx. 278.26 liters)
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
coming out; going out; attending (work); appearing (on stage); start; beginning; origins
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that