indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
myself; yourself; I; me; you
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to bring (somebody into a place); to lead into
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
floor; stage (for the narrator and the shamisen player); dining platform built across a river
to sprawl; to lie sprawled; to stretch oneself out; to lie relaxed on one's side
in drops; dripping; gently (sloping); sluggishly; endlessly; leisurely
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
time; hour; period; class
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
strange; weird; wonder; mystery; cleverness; adroitness
to begin to say; to start talking; to broach (a matter); to be the first to say; to suggest (doing); to propose
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
ice; ice cream; icecream; (arch.) usurer; (arch.) usury
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(some) more; even more; longer; further
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
trouble; bother; trouble; difficulty; care; attention
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
though; notwithstanding; although
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise