indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
one day; all day (long); throughout the day; first day of the month
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
very; extremely; terrible; horrid; remarkable; extraordinary
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
celebrated personage; big-wig; person in a high position
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
study; diligence; discount; reduction
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
saying; maxim; aphorism; proverb
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
great antiquity; old-fashioned; long ago
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
opposition; resistance; antagonism; reverse; opposite; inverse
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)