summer vacation; summer holiday
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
storm; tempest; uproar; hullabaloo; storm (e.g. of protest)
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
school festival; cultural festival; annual open day school event showcasing student talent
to go past; to pass; to pass by
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
aroma; fragrance; scent; smell
to creep in; to steal in; to sneak in
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
time; season; period; phase; stage
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
chilly; unpleasantly cold
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
how long; how much; to what extent
layering (clothing); wearing one garment over another
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be at a loss; to think and think but get nowhere; to fail to come up with a good idea
after (a long process); at the end of; last line (of a renga)
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
piercing (cold); biting (wind)
cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
to shiver; to shake; to quake; to tremble; to quaver; to quiver
reverse; opposite; converse (of a hypothesis, etc.); inverse (function)
direct sunlight; direct rays of the sun
to shine on; to illuminate; to compare (with); to refer to
displeasure; discomfort; unpleasantness; indisposition; ailment
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
heavy equipment; heavily equipped; heavily armed; heavily armored
anti-; antithesis; fanqie; traditional Chinese spelling system in which two characters are used: the first one for the onset, the second one for rhyme and tone