indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to talk about; to speak of; to recite; to chant; to indicate; to show
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
level ground; plain; flatland
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
shudder; shiver; trembling with fear
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Yanagita Kunio (1875.7.31-1962.8.8)
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
preface; foreword; introduction
than; from; out of; except; but; more
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (somebody's) side
middle of summer; height of summer; midsummer
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to blaze down on; to beat down on; to shine down upon
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to show someone (into a room)
while; during; while; although; all; both
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
(animal) feed; fodder; pet food; bait; lure; enticement
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
common gull (Larus canus); mew gull; gull (Laridae spp.); seagull
group; crowd; flock; herd; bevy; school
to attend on; to wait on; to accompany; to escort; to chaperone
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to fly; to soar; to jump; to leap; to spatter; to scatter; to hurry
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
deck (e.g. ship, tape, cassette, observation, train vestibule)
end (e.g. of street); tip; beginning; start; odds and ends; scrap
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
department (faculty) of literature
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)