indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
edge; brink; verge; time; moment of
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
essential; important; crucial; vital; main
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
cartoon; comic; comic strip; manga
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to raise one's face; to lift one's head; to raise one's eyes
shortish; rather short; somewhat short
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
soggy; soaked; crushed (out of shape); crumpled; messy; untidy
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to scratch; to perspire; to shovel; to paddle
while; during; while; although; all; both
disappointed love; broken heart; unrequited love; being lovelorn
detective; investigator; sleuth; detective work; secret investigation
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
regarding; in; to; towards; with regards to
answer; reply; response; answer; solution; result
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
speech; words; one's lines; remarks
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
meaning; significance; sense
not quite (right); not very good; somewhat (lacking)
understanding; comprehension; appreciation; sympathy
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
to ask; to enquire; to inquire; to search; to look for; to look into