winning by judges' decision (in judo)
stratum; geological formation; layer; bed (coal, gravel, etc.)
in the process of being repaired; during repairs
Ming period (China; 1368-1644); Ming era
Ministry of Rites (Tang dynasty China)
Qing dynasty (of China; 1644-1912); Ch'ing dynasty; Manchu dynasty
belonging to (a group, organization, etc.); affiliation (with); being attached to; being under the control of; serving (in the military, congress, etc.)
Four Barbarians (non-Chinese peoples bordering ancient China)
merger (of companies, towns, etc.); combination; union; amalgamation; consolidation; coalition
translation; version (e.g. "English version")
southern annex; south building
(foreign) trade; (international) commerce; importing and exporting
presentation (to someone of high status); submitting; offering
guard; sentinel; garrison
walking; strolling; roaming; wandering; exploring
to make someone lose face; to embarrass someone; to make someone look foolish
to be the worst of the worst; (lit.) to deserve to die ten thousand deaths
atonement; redemption; compensation
to become muddy; to become cloudy; to become dull (of a sound, color, etc.); to become indistinct; to become impure (of one's heart, a society, etc.); to be corrupted
shout (of encouragement, etc.); yell (used to time or encourage activity, e.g. "Heave ho!")
suppression (of a riot, revolt, etc.); repression; putting down; quelling
war; fighting; fierce competition
elite; best; pick; cream of the crop
prisoner (of war); POW; captive
route; way; course; directions
to go under; to pass under; to dive (into or under the water); to evade; to get around; to survive
Ten'an era (857.2.21-859.4.15)
mature age; advanced age; maturity; age when one is old enough to know better
enormous; gargantuan; immense; ridiculously large
dwarf; midget; elf; Issun-bōshi (Japanese fairytale)
to span; to bridge; to cross; to straddle
fat; fatty; grand; magnificent; excellent