indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
ball (for sport, games, etc.); kemari; type of football played by courtiers in ancient Japan
work (e.g. of art); production; harvest; cultivation; technique
picture; drawing; painting; image (TV, film, etc.); picture; footage
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
(many) trees; every tree; all kinds of trees
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be transparent; to be see-through; to be clear; to be clear (voice, sound)
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
green; greenery (esp. fresh verdure)
leaf; blade (of grass); (pine) needle
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
wind; breeze; manner; behaviour; cold; influenza
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
gently (of the wind); softly
to rock; to shake; to swing
bustling; busy; crowded; lively (party, voices, etc.); loud; noisy
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
bento; Japanese box lunch
to hold in one's arms; to carry in one's arms; to have (problems, debts, etc.); to take on (a responsibility); to employ; to have (on one's staff)
classroom; lecture room; department (in a university); class; lessons; school (for a particular discipline)
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
bento; Japanese box lunch
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
fox cub; little fox; small fox; juvenile fox
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof