indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
extract; excerpt; selection
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
throughout; over a period of ...; over a span of ...
project; enterprise; business; (arch.) act; (arch.) deed; (arch.) conduct
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
interference; intervention; meddling
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
the other day; lately; recently; meanwhile; in the meantime
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Western Europe; the West; the Occident; Europe
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to lose; to miss (a change, opportunity); to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of; to concede (goals, points, etc.)
forgery; falsification; fabrication; counterfeiting
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
tribe; clan; (taxonomical) tribe; group (of the periodic table)
gold (Au); golden; prosperous; money (esp. ōban coin); cash
large quantity; massive (quantity); mass (e.g. mass production, mass transit, mass destruction)
to snatch away; to dispossess; to steal
by means of; due to; because of; according to
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
later; afterwards; future; after one's death; (arch.) descendant
now; the present time; just now; another; more
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life