indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at the very beginning; first of all; first and foremost; before anything else
to recall; to remember; to recollect
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
elementary school student; primary school student; grade school student
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
lesson; class work; teaching; instruction
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
by myself; in person; by oneself
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
towards (a destination); for the purpose of; with the goal of; targeting (a group, a demographic)
homeroom teacher; form teacher
woman; female; feminine gender
teacher; instructor; teaching staff; faculty member
to ask a question; to begin to ask a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
method; manner; appearance; air; tendency; folk song (genre of the Shi Jing)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be called ...; to be referred to as ...
above anything else; above all; more than anything; best; greatest; excellent