to be present (esp. during a birth); to be witness to; to attend
closing of a gate; (Edo-period) house confinement
my; one's own; personal; privately owned
awkward; clumsy; stiff; crude; unrefined; constrained
southern barbarians (name used in ancient China for non-Chinese ethnic groups to the south); South-East Asian countries (in the late-Muromachi and Edo periods); Western Europe (esp. Spain and Portugal and their South-East Asian colonies; late-Muromachi and Edo periods); foreign (of goods from South-East Asia and Western Europe); exotic (esp. in a Western European or South-East Asian style); chili pepper; nanban
United Kingdom; Britain; Great Britain
word; term; language; speech
to be popular; to come into fashion; to be prevalent; to spread widely (e.g. disease); to flourish; to thrive
Western Europe; the West; the Occident; Europe
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that
treaty of peace and amity; peace treaty
beginning; start; first moxa treatment
general; universal; ordinary; average; (arch.) the same; (arch.) no different
(United States of) America; United States; US; America (land mass); the Americas
black ships; Western ships that came to Japan between the 16th and 19th centuries, esp. those of the Perry Expedition in 1853; foreign disruptor (of the Japanese market); product, person, etc. arriving from the West and disturbing the Japanese market
to drop by; to stop by; to drop in; to approach; to draw near; to come close (to)
foreigner; foreign citizen; foreign national; alien; non-Japanese
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
nonexistent; nil; none; nothing (at all); bugger-all
political measures; policy
to spill; to drop; to grumble (about); to complain (of); to let (one's feelings) show
the shogunate (administration)
white stone; white (go pieces)
year; age; years; past one's prime; old age
difficult to understand; unintelligible; abstruse
father; father (e.g. of a discipline); pioneer (e.g. of field of research); God; Father
blood; blood; ancestry; (the) blood; feelings
to steam (food, towel, etc.); to be hot and humid; to be sultry
straight-laced person; stubborn person
bottle; jar; decanter; flagon; phial; vial
hard; solid; stiff; tight; strong; firm (not viscous or easily moved); safe
formal; stiff; pompous; stern; solemn; grave
cattle (Bos taurus); cow; beef; Chinese "Ox" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
affable; amiable; sociable; agreeable
to smile broadly; to grin widely
listen!; you see; mind you; remember
unfairness; injustice; partiality
treaty; pact; convention; agreement
to press against; to push against; to force against; to foist on (task, responsibility); to impose (one's will)
to get tired; to become exhausted; to become worn out; to become battered (from long use); to get tired of (doing); to get fed up with
to air; to dry; to drain (off); to drink up; to deprive of a role, job, etc.