to be refined (character, manners); to be classy; to be polished
colony; (Japanese) settlement (in Brazil)
economic; financial; economical; thrifty; frugal
independence; self-reliance
self-government; autonomy; local (governmental) autonomy
union; alliance; combination; RENGO (Japanese Trade Union Confederation)
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
domination; rule; direction; management; control (e.g. over one's emotions); determining (e.g. one's fate)
economy; economics; finance; (one's) finances; being economical; economy
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
feudal era; feudal times; feudal period; feudal age; age of feudalism
advance (into a new market or stage of progress); launching (a new career or venture); expanding (into a new market); stepping forward; emerging
wisdom; intelligence; intellect
selection; choice; option
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
to rise to the surface; to come to the front; to emerge (e.g. from obscurity); to stand out (e.g. against a dark background)
after a long time; for the first time in a while
system where all students live in dormitories; residential system; boarding system (e.g. boarding school)
giving and taking; exchange (of letters); arguing back and forth; (conversational) exchange
(period of) a year; during an era
to call for somebody; to come for someone; to pick someone up
straight to the point; point-blank; frank; direct
shock (psychological); crisis (esp. financial); event that rattles the markets; shock (physical, mechanical); shock (e.g. due to lack of blood flow); trauma
indeed; really; absolutely; truly; actually; very
patience; perseverance; persistence; tenacity; energy
to lend an ear; to hearken; to give an ear to; to listen carefully
to be packed (with); to be full (space, schedule, etc.); to be blocked (road, pipe, nose, etc.); to be clogged; to shorten (width, interval, etc.); to shrink (shirt, word form, etc.); to be at a loss
retention; maintenance; preservation
penalty for contract breach
selling off; disposal by sale; sale
ceiling; ceiling price; (price) ceiling
trouble; hardship; difficulty; anxiety; worry; concern
grandfather; old man; kyogen mask used for the role of an old man
to succeed (a person, to a position, etc.); to inherit; to patch (clothes); to mend; to add (e.g. charcoal to the fire); to replenish with
to take the lead; to lead a group; to be in the vanguard
to be talked about; to get a name for oneself; to get publicity