indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
teatime; tea break; coffee break
disliked; hated; tendency; smack (of); distinction; discrimination
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
monologue; soliloquy; talking to oneself
study; research; investigation
institution; establishment; facility; home (for elderly, orphans, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
very; extremely; terrible; horrid; remarkable; extraordinary
deep in the mountains; mountain recesses
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
moreover; furthermore; nevertheless; and yet
underground; below the ground; world of the dead; the grave; underground (activities, movement, etc.); secret
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to wake up; to sober up; to come to one's senses; to become enlightened
to come to one's senses; to calm down
awareness of things around one; ability to understand what is going on around oneself; judgment; judgement; discretion
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
expression; presentation; representation; notation
right; correct; proper; righteous; just
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
in that way; thus; so; so?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
like this; in this way; as you see
structure; construction; makeup; framework; organization; pattern
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
storey; story; stairs; stage (in chronostratigraphy); counter for storeys and floors of a building
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
grasp; catch; understanding