indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
teatime; tea break; coffee break
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
cold (to the touch); chilly; icy; (emotionally) cold; coldhearted; unfeeling
mallow (any plant of family Malvaceae); Asarum caulescens (species of wild ginger); hollyhock
study; research; investigation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
private enterprise; private business; private company; private firm; private-sector business; private-sector corporation
company; association; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
direct; immediate; personal; firsthand
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
support; backing; aid; assistance
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
wonderful; splendid; magnificent
technology; engineering; technique; skill; art; craft
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
maid; helper; help; assistance
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to greet; to call out (to); to invite; to get in touch (with); to cheer (on); to give vocal support (to)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
as a matter of fact; really; truly; entirely; completely; wholly
to go smoothly; to turn out well; to do the trick; to have peaceful relations
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like