indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
home area; home town; local
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
spirit; psyche; god; deity; divinity
company; association; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to visit; to call on; to arrive (season, time, situation, etc.); to come; (arch.) to make a sound; (arch.) to send a letter
usual; normal; everyday; usually; normally; generally
rich (taste); full-bodied (flavour, flavor); mellow; laid-back (lifestyle); relaxed; comfortable
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
now; the present time; just now; another; more
visitor (to a shrine or temple)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to stand in a row (e.g. shops on a street); to line in a row; to line; to be equal to; to be on a par with
setting up a stall or booth (bazaar, festival); opening a branch office; opening a store
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
noisily (crowd of people talking); clamorously; in a hubbub; jabberingly; chatteringly; buzzingly
bustling; busy; crowded; lively (party, voices, etc.); loud; noisy
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
sauce; Worcestershire sauce
aroma; fragrance; scent; smell
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
sweet-tasting; sweet; fragrant (smelling); sweet (music); lightly salted; light in salt; naive
confections; sweets; candy; cake
to spread (out); to extend; to stretch; to reach to; to get around; to fill (e.g. a space)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
black; black go stone; guilt; guilty person
to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on; to bear (guilt, etc.)
to be in a hurry; to be impatient; to be anxious (to do); to get a fright; to panic; to get flustered
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
adds force or indicates command
to breathe out; to exhale
while; during; while; although; all; both
to be disordered; to be disarranged; to be discomposed; to be upset; to lapse into chaos (due to war, etc.)
to comb down; to smooth down
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very