indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
already; now; no longer; not any more
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
pity; sorrow; pitiable; pitiful; alack; alas
(male) farmer; peasant; farmhand
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to dig up; to unearth; to uncover
your company; your shrine
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
seal; to seal (e.g. a letter); to affix a seal; to seal up
to tear; to rip; to break through (cordon, opponent's defense, etc.); to breach; to defeat; to beat; to break (e.g. silence)
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
counter for jewels in a watch; counter for transistors, diodes, etc. in an electronic product
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
which; where; all; both; anyway; anyhow
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
death; (an) out; death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation; most severe of the five ritsuryō punishments)
continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe
medium (size); average (grade, level, etc.); in; within; during; while; currently (doing)
to begin to overflow; to start overflowing; to pour out
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
far; distant; distant (past); remote (in time); distant (relationship or kinship); having little to do (with someone); far (from something else in quality, degree, etc.)
one day; (on) a certain day
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
illness; disease; bad habit; weakness; fault
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to walk; to go on foot; to tread (a figurative path); to follow; to advance towards (e.g. a solution); to set out (e.g. on the path to destruction, ruin, etc.)
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to drink; to swallow; to smoke (tobacco); to swallow up; to engulf; to suppress (one's anger, bitter feelings, etc.); to keep down
the dead; ghost; person who is obsessed (with money, power, etc.); person with a blind lust (for)
to rise; to get up; to stand up; to sit up
(many) trees; every tree; all kinds of trees
to wither (of a plant); to be blasted; to die; to mature (of one's personality, abilities, etc.)
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
to stagnate; to settle (at the bottom); to deposit; to become sluggish; to become dull; to be delayed