indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
valuation; appraisal; evaluation; appreciation; recognition; acknowledgement
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to tie up in a bundle (e.g. straw, hair, bills, letters); to bundle; to govern; to manage; to fold (one's arms); to put together (one's hands)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
to talk about; to speak of; to recite; to chant; to indicate; to show
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively; extreme
wise; sensible; well-advised; intelligent; sagacious; prudent
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
a certain someone; Mr So-and-so
pretext; history; past; according to ...; ... says
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
such; this sort of; like this
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
certain amount; some; certain person; Mr So-and-so; (arch.) I; (arch.) me
another place; some other place; another (person or thing); other; beyond (one's expectations, imagination, etc.); outside
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
that's the way it is; such is life
no!; no no!; no, not at all
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
to collect; to assemble; to gather
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
target; object (of worship, study, etc.); subject (of taxation, etc.); coverage
essence; true nature; substance; reality
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
to restrict; to limit; to be restricted to; to be limited to; to be best (for); to be the best plan
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
that is (to say); namely; precisely; exactly; if one does ..., then; in that case
truth; reality; truly; really; absolute truth
seeing through (e.g. someone's lies); reading (e.g. thoughts); penetrating; detecting
to be connected (to); to be joined together; to connect (of a telephone call, the internet, etc.); to get through; to lead (to an outcome); to bring about (a result); to be lined up (e.g. of cars)