indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
royal castle; imperial castle
king; queen; monarch; the Crown (as a focus of authority in the UK, etc.); the throne
office (e.g. the Oval Office)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
even though; despite; when
book; volume; this; present; main; head; real
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
the more ... the more ...; as; (arch.) while; (arch.) during; (arch.) because; (arch.) since
light; bright; bright (colour); cheerful; bright; bright (future, prospects, etc.); rosy
to be pretentious; to put on airs; to show off
nobility; aristocracy; peerage
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
rare; uncommon; new; novel; fine; nice
article; item; quality; flirtatiousness; coquetry
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
distinction; difference; separate; different; exception; exclusion
continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
furnishings; implements; equipment
almost; nearly; hardly; barely; large majority; large proportion
craftsman; artisan; tradesman; worker; workman
to build up; to complete; to construct; to make up; to fabricate; to invent
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
glance; look; glimpse; complete view; bird's-eye view
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
now; the present time; just now; another; more
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to shine on; to illuminate; to compare (with); to refer to
magic tool (in fiction); magical item
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
don't you think?; indicates question