pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
sacred precincts; sanctuary; consecrated ground; issue that is regarded as being off-limits; matter that is not up for discussion
kind; sort; type; similar example; parallel; the like
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
monitor (device, software or person); monitoring; person who gives feedback on products, television programs, etc.; customer panel participant; (computer) monitor; display
the rest; the others; in addition (to that); besides that; and so forth; and the like
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
machine; mechanism; instrument; appliance; apparatus
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
facility; facilities; institution; home (for the elderly, orphans, etc.)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
plan; project; schedule; scheme; program; programme
planning; devising (a plan); drafting; drawing up
being concentrated on one thing; devoting oneself completely to something
Mr; master; Ms; miss; (arch.) sir; (arch.) madam
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
summons; subpoena; citation; summoning (a spirit, demon, etc.); evocation; invocation
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
ancient times; distant past; antiquity
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
there; over there; genitals; private parts; that far; that much
equipment; facilities; installation; accommodations; conveniences; arrangements
in one go; in one gulp; in one breath; suddenly; all of a sudden; all at once
to run (up hill, stairs, etc.)
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
I see; that's right; indeed
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
sexual arousal; sexual excitation
arousal; excitation; awakening; evocation
tool; implement; means; furniture
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")