pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
to follow; to pursue; to die right after a loved one; to kill oneself after the death of a loved one; to follow an example set by earlier generations (or one's master, etc.)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to throw; to fling; to hurl; to neglect; to abandon; to leave alone
spy; secret agent; spying
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
military affairs; military service
Lord; Sir; state minister (under the ritsuryō system or Meiji Grand Council system)
as expected; as predicted
boundary; border; limit; bounds; frontier
mountain range; mountain belt
to enter; to come in; to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to be contained (in); to be included (in); to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.)
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
coach (horse-drawn); carriage; wagon; cart
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to ascend; to go up; to climb
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
precipitous; rugged; inaccessible; grim; severe; stern
somehow; for some reason; without knowing why
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to go by; to go past; to run (between; of a rail service, bus route, etc.); to operate (between); to go indoors; to go into a room; to penetrate
trace; tracks; site; remains; scar
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
strange; weird; wonder; mystery; cleverness; adroitness
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
by no means; never!; certainly (not); surely (not); something unexpected; emergency
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
special; particular; peculiar; unique
to remake; to remold; to remould; to convert; to reconstruct; to adapt
don't you think?; indicates question
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
there is no need to ...; never happens; there is never a time when
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
certain; sure; definite; reliable; sound; solid
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
any more; anymore; any further; any better; any longer
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)