indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
not less than ...; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; the above; the above-mentioned
to pass (of time); to elapse
roll (e.g. of cloth); winding (e.g. watch); volume (of book); speeding up; heel (of a Japanese sandal)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
arriving at the present; present-day; to arrive at the present day
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
really; truly; indeed; good grief
to anyone; to everyone; by anyone; by everyone; in everyone; in anyone
to notice; to realize; to realise; to regain consciousness; to come to (one's senses); to come round
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
I, myself; one-self; by one-self; even I; even one
a little; a bit; a small amount; a little while; a short time; a moment
to be surprised; to be taken aback; to be amazed; to be frightened; to be startled; to be alarmed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
book; volume; this; present; main; head; real
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
clerk; office worker; kulak
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
origin; source; history; originally; from the start; by nature
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
end; conclusion; last; final; once ...; the moment ... (, that's it)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to remove; to deinstall; to take away; to set apart
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
without change; as is; just like; extremely similar; immediately; just after
volume (of book); reel (of film); scroll (of books or paintings); roll (paper, etc.)
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
happy; auspicious; propitious; naive