old; former; the old; old things; old times; bygone days
territory; domain; dominion; possession
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
origin; beginning; variable measure of fabric (28.8 cm in width); for kimonos: at least 10 m in length; tip; extremity
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
territory (of country, feudal domain, etc.); (arch.) counter for suits of clothing, sets of armor, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
mountain; hill; mine; (mountain) forest; heap; pile; protruding or high part of an object
exactly; just; right (when); just (as); just (about to); on the point of
nature; spontaneity; natural airhead
fort; stronghold; fortification
ordinary; common; free of charge; free; unaffected; as is
instead; but (on the other hand)
territory; dominion; grounds (e.g. school)
majority; more than half; most (of); mostly; largely; mainly
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to remove; to get rid of; to exclude; to except; to kill (a traitor, opponent, etc.)
practical use; application; making good use of; conjugation; inflection
plot of land; lot; soil; locality; region; place
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
few; little; small (amount); low; scarce; insufficient
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
land made arable by the slash-and-burn method; swidden; slash-and-burn farming
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
agricultural land; farmland
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
bad; wrong; must not (do, be); should not; useless; no good; hopeless
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
in some way or other; one way or another; somehow; only just; barely
surplus; margin; leeway; composure; placidity; complacency
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
dot; spot; mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; point (in a game); score; point