pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
royal castle; imperial castle
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
small; little; tiny; insignificant; humble; modest
entertainment (of guests; esp. in the corporate world); treating (to food and drinks); wining and dining
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
to line up; to stand in a line; to rival; to match; to equal
cooking; cookery; cuisine; dealing with (skillfully); handling (well); managing
very; considerably; by no means; not readily; middle; half-way point
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
treat (esp. food and drink); entertainment; treating someone (to a meal); gorgeous dinner; feast; excellent food
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to live (on, by, etc.); to lead a life; to make a living; to earn a livelihood; to spend one's time (doing); to pass one's days (doing)
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe
sudden; abrupt; unexpected; unforeseen
wild; freakish; madcap; crazy; hysterical
to raise one's voice; to shout; to yell; to speak up (e.g. in protest); to speak one's mind
all present; all concerned; all of us
one's line of sight; one's gaze; one's eyes (looking); glance; gaze; look
to collect; to assemble; to gather
please; if you would; somehow or other; one way or another; whether (or not); if
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
unpleasant; awkward; embarrassing; uneasy
face; visage; look; (facial) expression; honor (honour); face; influence
to say no more; to sink into silence
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
wonderful; marvelous; strange; strangely enough; oddly enough; for some reason
appearing that; seeming that; looking like; having the appearance of