indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
decline; degeneration; decay; waning; ebbing
Ministry of Revenue (Tang-dynasty China)
table of contents; contents
village; hamlet; countryside; country; home (of one's parents, etc.); hometown
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
meeting; gathering; village assembly; two wrestlers approaching each other
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
statement; remark; observation; utterance; speech; proposal
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
very young; little; childish; immature
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
young; youthful; immature; green; low (number); small
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
high praise; great admiration; rave reviews
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
society; public; community; social studies
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life
argument; discussion; dispute; controversy
by means of; due to; because of; according to
education; schooling; training; culture; cultivation; education