bottom layer; undermost layer; lowest (societal) class; bottom (economic) stratum; lowest caste
machine; mechanism; instrument; appliance; apparatus
ruins; wreckage; wreck; broken remains; debris
excavation; exhumation; digging up; discovery (of a new fact, talent, etc.); finding; unearthing
pitch-black; jet-black; strongly tanned; deeply sunburnt; sooty; black with dirt
estimate; guess; direction; bearings; registration mark (printing); approximately
to read and understand; to take in; to sense from external cues; to read (someone's) mind; to read (calibration, tape, etc.); to scan (bar code)
origin; source; basis; base; cause; (raw) material; ingredient
committee; commission; board; panel; committee meeting
speciality; specialty; special subject of study; sole interest; single focus; concentrating exclusively on
storage; putting away; receipt (of funds, payment, etc.); harvesting
to pile up; to stack up; to accumulate
skillful; skilled; proficient; flattery
practical use; application; making good use of; conjugation; inflection
elucidation; explication; explaining; unravelling; clarification; understanding
manufacturing; processing; treatment; machining
construction; building; putting up; erecting; creation; formulation
to bring (news, knowledge, etc.); to introduce; to bring about; to cause; to produce (e.g. results)
sure; no mistaking it; for certain; without doubt
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
to need; to demand; to take; to require
mountain; hill; mine; (mountain) forest; heap; pile; protruding or high part of an object
admiration; wonder; astonishment
to cut (food) into chunks; to chop into lumps
not yet known; unknown; strange
structure; construction; arrangement; plan; plot; contrivance
well-informed person; thinking person; intelligent person
to be effective; to be fruitful; to be worthwhile; to be worth; to be rewarded; to pay off
local specialty or souvenir bought as a gift while traveling (travelling); present brought by a visitor; something unpleasant that one is given (e.g. an illness while on vacation); unwelcome gift
glaring; flaming; fiery; blazing
to straighten up and stick one's chest out; to throw oneself back (e.g. in a chair); to lean back (arrogantly); to assume a haughty attitude; to behave arrogantly
towards; against; regarding; in contrast with
armoring; armouring; armor; armour
all; entire; whole; altogether
spoils of war; booty; war trophy; something one managed to obtain or buy (at a bargain sale, merchandise stall, etc.); purchases; prizes (at an arcade, etc.)
to bring in; to take in; to approach (someone) with (a proposal, offer, problem, etc.); to bring; to bring (to another stage); to take (e.g. to court, to extra time, to a play-off)
set (of things); combo; setting up; preparing; setting (hair); set (in tennis, volleyball, etc.); set (in a play, film, etc.)
to pinch; to hold (between one's fingers); to pick up and eat; to snack on; to pick out (the main point); to summarize
to be helpful; to be useful