the north; northward; northern direction; northern part (e.g. of a country); northern district
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
border (between countries); national border
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
previously; before; first; before (something or someone else); beforehand; in advance
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
barbarian tribe; savage tribe
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to take (someone) with one; to bring along; to go with; to be accompanied by
crude; rough; plain; careless; disrespectful; without proper care
domestic animals; livestock; cattle
hut; cabin; small theatre (theater); temporary playhouse; one's own house
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
door; gate; opening; title page
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to turn one's head; to look over one's shoulder; to turn around; to think back (on); to reminisce; to look back (on)
to enter; to come in; to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to be contained (in); to be included (in); to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.)
indication; denotation; designation; instructions; directions
in accordance with; according to
to be silent; to say nothing
as (it is); remaining (in a state); with (e.g. one's eyes closed, the light on); while (e.g. standing, alive); as (one pleases, one is told, etc.); according to
several; a few; number; quantity; counting; calculation; number
counter for large animals (e.g. head of cattle); counter for insects in a collection; counter for helmets, masks, etc.
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
-smell; stinking of; smacking of; hinting of
standoffishly; primly; pungently (of a smell); acridly; long and pointed (e.g. of a nose); popping (of ears)
to be cloying; to be sick and tired with; to be disgusted with; to stink
medicine; pharmaceuticals; efficacious chemical (gunpowder, pesticide, etc.); (pottery) glaze; (illegal) drug; narcotic
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to bring (something); to take along; to fetch; to get
gentle; quiet; mild; quiet (color, pattern, etc.); sober
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
crash; smash; crunch; bang
wound; injury; chip; crack; flaw; defect
to show; to display; to make (something or someone) look ...; to present an appearance of ...; to make (something) worth watching; to be entertaining; to have (something) looked at (by a specialist)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
old person; senior citizen; the aged; the elderly
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago