pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to approach; to draw near; to be imminent; to press (someone for something); to urge; to compel
samurai on horseback; (medieval) knight
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
disturbance; trouble; ups and downs
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
calamity; disaster; accident
germination; germ; sprout; bud; sign
wind; breeze; manner; behaviour; cold; influenza
precious orb; Cintamani stone; wish-fulfilling jewel; hōju; uppermost spherical part of a pagoda finial
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
tower; steeple; spire; stupa; pagoda; dagoba
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to go down and stand; to alight; to get down
abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden; without warning
overhead; above one's head; high in the sky
to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.); to come down; to form (of frost); to beam down (of sunlight or moonlight); to pour in; to visit (of luck, misfortune, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to dislocate one's back; to be unable to stand up due to fear or surprise
to scratch; to perspire; to shovel; to paddle
Lord; Sir; state minister (under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) you (in reference to someone of lower status)
astonishment; amazement; surprise; fright; shock
facial expression; countenance; look; appearance; expression (vocal, etc.)
to float; to set afloat; to show on one's face (smile, sadness, etc.); to recall; to call to mind
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
group of mountain nomads (in Japan); group of mountain people; the Sanka
tribe; clan; (taxonomical) tribe; group (of the periodic table)
people; citizens; subjects; folk
in accordance with; according to
you (primarily used by males when addressing their male equals or inferiors)
followers; subordinates; being under someone's command
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement