indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
volume (of book); reel (of film); scroll (of books or paintings); roll (paper, etc.)
theme; topic; subject matter; motif; project; slogan
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
absolutely; definitely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
challenge; defiance; dare; attempt; try
that is to say; so that means
as one likes; as one wants; as one wishes; as one hopes; as one sees fit; to one's satisfaction
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
rather; better; instead; if anything
corresponding to (in meaning, function, etc.); being equivalent to; appropriate; suitable; to be proportionate to; to be in keeping with
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
excluding; except (for); apart from; outside (a boundary, scope, etc.)
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
don't you think?; indicates question
for example; for instance; e.g.
by all means; at any cost; whether (one is) willing or not; willingly or unwillingly; on no account; by no means
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
to climb over; to get over; to overcome (a difficulty, obstacle, etc.); to surmount; to surpass (a predecessor); to overtake
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); wall (of stones)
to bump into; to run into; to encounter; to meet with; to clash (of opinions, people, etc.); to conflict
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hopeless; futile; no use; beyond help; cannot be done
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
obstacle; impediment; disability; handicap; steeplechase; obstacle race