indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
approximately; about; promise; appointment; shortening; reduction
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to boast of; to be proud of; to take pride in
abundant; plentiful; rich; wealthy; open (mind); relaxed
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
huge; vast; enormous; swelling; expansion
strength; power; proficiency; ability
and; moreover; besides; as well as; and on top of that; at the same time
stocking up (in case of emergency); stockpile; reserves; storing; laying in (supplies)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
tightly (holding on); firmly; strongly (built); solidly; properly; well
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
few decades; many decades; several decades
famine; crop failure; chronic shortage (e.g. of water)
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
there is no need to ...; never happens; there is never a time when
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
educational institution; school; academy; campus
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
superior; excellent; brilliant; outstanding
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
monster; monstrosity; giant; influential figure; monsterlike; over-demanding
by means of; due to; because of; according to
(suffering) damage; injury; harm
foreign country; another country; another province; strange land; alien land
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
few; little; small (amount); low; scarce; insufficient
scale; scope; plan; structure
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
not only ... (but also); not just; as well as
public order; public peace; public security; law and order
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
level; standard; level (amount or quantity); level (plane); level (instrument); spirit level
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)