indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
congestion; crush; crowding; confusion; disorder
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
after a long time; for the first time in a while
to help; to assist; to aid; to contribute to; to be a factor in
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
3 o'clock; afternoon snack (eaten around 3 o'clock); three ages of Buddhism (following the death of Gautama Buddha; age of the true law, age of the copied law, and age of the degeneration of the law); three ages of the dharma
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
lunch; noon; midday; daytime; waking up; getting up
department (in an organization, company, etc.); division; club (at a school, university, etc.); team; part; portion
end; close; conclusion; termination
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
phew; whew; huff; whoo; woohoo
ramen restaurant; noodle restaurant
employee (of a store); shop assistant; clerk; salesperson
so; like this; in this way; this much; to this extent
to get tired; to tire; to become worn out (of a well-used object); (arch.) to starve
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
to take a breath; to take a short rest
chair; seat; stool; post; position; seat
to (enter and) sit down; to plop oneself down; to plant oneself down; to sit down (and refuse to move); to sit in (in protest)
thank you (for your hard work); good work; see you; goodbye; goodnight
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
special; particular; extraordinary; exceptional; especial
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
peace of mind; relief; (sense of) security; safety; assurance; confidence