indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
(in) the middle of; (in) the midst of; (in) the course of; (at) the height of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
sure; certain; reliable; trustworthy; If I'm not mistaken; If I remember correctly
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
valuable; worthwhile; worthy; worth doing
memory; recollection; remembrance; memory; storage
almost; nearly; hardly; barely; large majority; large proportion
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
time; season; period; phase; stage
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
concentration (on a task); focusing one's attention; concentration (of population, buildings, power, etc.); centralization; within a collection of works
adjoining each other; next to each other; being in close proximity to something; being constantly exposed to (danger, etc.)
death; (an) out; death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation; most severe of the five ritsuryō punishments)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
youth; adolescence; springtime of life
almost every day; almost daily
battle; war; fight (against time, poverty, etc.); struggle (for freedom, survival, etc.); contest; competition
to hunt out; to flush out; to round up; to impress; to recruit
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to lose; to miss (a chance, opportunity); to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of; to concede (goals, points, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
other than; excluding; without
else; in addition; besides
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
one day; all day (long); the whole day; first day of the month
one tenth; one hundredth; one percent; one tenth of a sun; one quarter ryō (an old coin)
fine; minute; detailed; meticulous; precise
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
treasure; treasured item; prized possession
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful
to hold; to carry; to embrace (in one's arms)
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor