black ships; Western ships that came to Japan between the 16th and 19th centuries, esp. those of the Perry Expedition in 1853; foreign disruptor (of the Japanese market); product, person, etc. arriving from the West and disturbing the Japanese market
to drive away; to turn away; to send away; to repel; to repulse
Sakamoto Ryōma (1836-1867; samurai and politician)
summons; subpoena; citation; summoning (a spirit, demon, etc.); evocation; invocation
proof; testimony; demonstration; verification; certification
to be helpful; to be useful
evil deed; wrongdoing; crime; misfortune; calamity
to take part in (usu. something bad); to be a party to; to have a hand in
to change facial expression or color (due to anger, embarrassment, etc.)
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
pleading; entreaty; supplication; petition
answer; reply; response; answer; solution; result
putting one's life on the line; staking one's life (on); risking one's life; life and death situation
dirty work; unpleasant task
one's speciality; one's forte; one's strong point
answer sheet; blank answer paper; examination paper; test paper
to begin (doing); to start; to set about; to get down to
alphabet; ABCs; the ABCs (of); basics; activity-based costing; ABC
counter for choices, options, etc.
form (as opposed to substance); format; form; formality; form; mode
setting a question (for an exam, quiz, etc.); setting a theme (for composition of poetry)
habit (usu. a bad one); tendency; peculiarity; idiosyncrasy; crease; wrinkle
wiles; sinister design; trick; conspiracy; intrigue
to be inclined to do; to be willing to do
beforehand; in advance; ahead of time; previously
piece of paper; slip of paper; strip of paper; scrap of paper
nature; natural; spontaneous; naturally; spontaneously
to put back; to return; to vomit; to throw up; to recover (of a market price)
in a subdued voice; in undertones; in a whisper; in a mumble; in a murmur
to make sound (of an animal); to call; to cry; to make a meld call (e.g. pung, kong)
(clenched) fist; knuckles
heartbroken thoughts; heartrending grief; overwhelming sorrow
hospital; clinic; doctor's office; doctor's surgery; infirmary
thorough checkup; complete examination; complete physical; detailed testing
to recommend (someone to do); to advise; to recommend (a book, someone for a position, etc.); to suggest; to offer (a drink, cigarette, seat, etc.)
eccentricity; eccentric behaviour
Jōmon period (ca. 14000-1000 BCE)