early summer; fourth month of the lunar calendar
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
dear (old); fondly remembered; beloved; missed; nostalgic
subway; metro; underground (railway)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
railway station; train station; staging post on a highway (in pre-modern Japan); counter for railway stations and bus stations
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to raise one's voice; to shout; to yell; to speak up (e.g. in protest); to speak one's mind
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
one's original family name; maiden name
a little; a bit; a little while; a short time; a little way; a short distance
idiot; moron; stupid; foolish; trivial; insignificant; malfunctioning
to have (urgent) business; to have something one needs to attend to; to have something one wants to say (to someone)
after a long time; for the first time in a while
university town; college town
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
how many years; how long; what year
way; manner; (for) the first time in (e.g. ten years); after ...; ...-sized; amount (equivalent to ...)
don't you think?; indicates question
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
the way there; outbound leg; bound for ...; outbound ticket
Mr; master; Ms; miss; (arch.) sir; (arch.) madam
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to go to and from (a place); to go back and forth between; to go to (school, work, etc.); to attend; to circulate (e.g. blood, electricity); to be communicated (e.g. thought)
water (esp. cool or cold); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
senior high school; high school
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
two persons; two people; pair; couple
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to live (on, by, etc.); to lead a life; to make a living; to earn a livelihood; to spend one's time (doing); to pass one's days (doing)
condominium (usu. mid or high-rise); apartment building; apartment house; block of flats; apartment; flat
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as