many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
people; men and women; each person; everybody
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
everyday conversation; day-to-day conversation
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
carefree; buoyant; lighthearted; ease
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to let out; to utter; to issue; to send; to leave; to depart
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
general idea; concept; notion
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
to change (into); to turn (into); to transform (into); to influence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
wall iris; roof iris; Iris tectorum; fleur-de-lis
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
origin; beginning; source
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go upstream; to go up (a river); to go back (to the past or origin); to date back (to); to trace back (to)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
Middle Ages (in Japan esp. the Kamakura and Muromachi periods); medieval times; mediaeval times
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
common law; customary law (in international law)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
reaching; attaining; arrival
like this; this sort; this way
layout (of a house or apartment); arrangement of rooms
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
I see; that's right; indeed
hey!; say!; I say!; I; me
thousand years; millennium; (fig.) long time
present day; modern times; recent times; early modern period (in Japan, usu. from the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II)
law; act; method; mood; dharma; law
to discuss; to talk about; to argue; to dispute; to take into consideration; to make an issue of
to reach the point where ...; to come to ...; to come to be that ...; to start to ...; to begin to ...
century; hundred years; (fig.) a long time
not less than ...; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; the above; the above-mentioned