severe; harsh; hard; cruel; rigorous
hardening; vulcanization; hardening (of attitude, stance, etc.); stiffening; upturn (in the market); firming up
shelf; ledge; rack; trellis
to take in one's hand; to pick up; to obtain
ecdysis; shedding (of skin); sloughing; freeing oneself; breaking with (convention, etc.)
cast-off skin (snake, insect, etc.); husk; empty shell; exuvia; exuviae
stretching a rope around; roping off; one's turf; domain; territory (of an animal)
pot; jar; dice cup; depression; basin (e.g. of a waterfall); aim; what one wants
extermination; elimination; renouncing worldly desires (in order to concentrate on Buddhist teachings); curing (an illness)
pure; genuine; trueborn; natural-born
love of drink; fondness for alcohol; person who likes to drink; drinker
foe; enemy; resentment; enmity; harm; injury
as (much) as possible; as (much) as one can; wherever practicable; if possible
insect; bug; worm; roundworm; thing inside one's body believed to influence one's thoughts and feelings; (one's) unconscious; nervousness
eggs; egg; (hen's) egg; a ... in the making; future (lawyer, doctor, etc.); beginning
to disappear (of people or animals); to go (away); to leave; to no longer exist
explosive increase (in number of pests); (severe) outbreak or upsurge of pests
yellow; high-pitched (voice); shrill
transparency; degree of clearness
research; study; investigation
person in charge; senior staff; manager; chief; head
idea (in Platonic thought)
sympathy; empathy; response; identification (with someone)
research funds; research expenses
to speak; to talk; to mediate; to act as a go-between; to put in a good word (for someone)
clothing and accessories; attire
periodic; regular; routine
one grade; first-class; primary
(school) grade; year; class; grade; kyu (junior rank in martial arts, go, shogi, etc.)
hygienic; healthy; healthful; sanitary
colour and lustre; color and luster; complexion; colour; color
(written) explanation; explanatory label (e.g. in a museum); information sign (e.g. at a tourist spot); instructions (e.g. for a product)
to compare; to make a comparison (between); to compete (on); to measure (one's strength, ability, etc. against another's)
healthy; robust; strong; solid; durable
on paper; in the newspapers; in a letter
first-class goods; A-grade product