indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
investigation; examination; inquiry; enquiry; survey
record; document; minutes; record (e.g. in sports); setting (a record); recording (a record high, etc.)
fossil; petrifaction; petrification; fossilization
classification; categorization; sorting
classification; assortment
black; black stone; guilt; guilty person
place; location; room; space; sumo tournament
territory (of country, feudal domain, etc.); (arch.) counter for suits of clothing, sets of armor, etc.
conquest; subjugation; overcoming (a difficulty); conquering (e.g. a mountain); mastery (of a skill)
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
remote region; outlying district; border district; frontier
count; earl; chief official of the Department of Worship (under the ritsuryō system); Brazil
confinement; imprisonment; incarceration
tower; steeple; spire; stupa; pagoda; dagoba
(made of) stone; stone-built
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
iron grill; iron grille; iron lattice; prison
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to distinguish; to discern; to make out; to tell
floor; stage (for the narrator and the shamisen player); dining platform built across a river
surface; face; outside; exterior; appearances; superficiality
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
dryness; aridity; drying (e.g. clothes); insipidity
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
two persons; two people; pair; couple
person; character; one's character; one's personality; able person; talented person
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
other side; opposite side; other party
chair; seat; stool; post; position; seat
before oneself; in front of one; a bit before reaching (a location); this side (of a location); one's standpoint; one's appearance; skill