first; firstly; first of all; Introduction; Preface
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
feature; trait; characteristic; peculiarity; distinction
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take in one's hand; to pick up; to obtain
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
book; volume; this; present; main; head
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
anyhow; at any rate; anyway; somehow or other; generally speaking; in any case
explanation; commentary; exposition; elucidation
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
bureaucrat; government official; bureaucracy
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
opinion; point of view; visual point
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to talk about; to speak of; to recite; to chant; to indicate; to show
the public; the street (e.g. "word on the street"); street; district; location (e.g. of a battle); scene (e.g. of carnage)
to overflow; to brim over; to flood
textbook; coursebook; schoolbook
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
contents; content; substance; matter; detail; import
and; moreover; besides; as well as; and on top of that; at the same time
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
very; considerably; by no means; not readily; middle; half-way point
House of Representatives (lower house of the National Diet of Japan)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
House of Councillors (upper house of the National Diet of Japan)