to replace; to exchange; to interchange; to substitute
deviation; inclination; offset; polarization; polarisation
acceptable; satisfactory; approval; being in favour; Pass (grade); Fair
feudal system of the shogunate and domains
member of shogun's council of elders
young person acting like an old person; officials who helped the council of elders during the Edo period
change of one's family name; changed family name
supremacy; predominance; being superior to
in one's lifetime; (while) in life
three branch Tokugawa families (Owari, Kii, and Mito); big three; top three
three secondary Tokugawa branch families (Tayasu, Shimizu, and Hitotsubashi)
hardening; fortifying; pledge; vow; defense; defence
(Edo-period) chief minister
imitation; fake; phony; pseudo-
indictment; prosecution; complaint
to disrupt; to ruin; to hinder; to thwart
(while) holding a post or being in office
public order; public peace; public security; law and order
Shimabara Rebellion (1637-1638)
breaking off relations (esp. between countries)
decisive action; carrying out; resolute enforcement; execution
heavy-handed; iron-fisted; authoritarian
change of government; regime change
gap; space; break; interlude; chink (in one's armor, armour); chance
agency for employing servants and arranging marriages (Edo period); mediator; flattery; flatterer; Keian era (1648.2.15-1652.9.18)
civil administration; Bunji era (1185.8.14-1190.4.11)
to change; to exchange; to convert; to renew; to throw a switch; to replace
public affairs; the court; the shogun; the shogunate
wise ruler; enlightened monarch; benevolent lord
the relation of master to servant
family working in the forest industry; forestry family
small private school (esp. for cramming); private school (in the Edo period, orig. run by Confucianists)
market price; speculation (e.g. on stocks); reputation (according to conventional wisdom); estimation
suggestion box; comment box; (arch.) complaints box placed in front of the supreme court (Edo period)
letter (e.g. of complaint); letter to the editor; letter from a reader; contribution (to a newspaper, magazine, etc.)