indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to say; to spatter; to prate; to prattle; to babble
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to fight to the bitter end
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be complete; to be all present; to be equal; to be uniform; to gather; to assemble
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
adds force or indicates command
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
all present; all concerned; all of us
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
clothing; dressing; binding (of a book)
storm; tempest; uproar; hullabaloo; storm (e.g. of protest)
breath; sign (of something new and fresh); breath (of spring, fresh air, etc.); vitality
rock; boulder; crag; cliff; anchor
sprout; shoot; bud; germinal disk (in an egg)
surging waves; raging billows; turbulent; tempestuous; tumultuous
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
any more; any further; any better; any longer
to wound; to injure; to hurt someone's feelings (pride, etc.); to damage; to chip
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
only; merely; but; no more than
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
header (on a document, email, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to desire; to wish for; to expect; to see; to command (a view of)
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
people; men and women; each person; everybody
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
in that way; thus; so; so?