suffix for familiar person
previous time; last time; previous installment; previous instalment; previous session
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to carry off; to run away with; to sweep away; to take entirely for oneself; to monopolize
use; utilization; utilisation; application
merit; success; meritorious deed; achievement; accumulated experience
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
to take back; to regain; to get back; to recover
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
apiece; each; at a time; piecemeal
blank space (in documents); vacuum; blank; void
family; members of a family
time; hour; period; class
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
five colors (usu. red, blue, yellow, white and black); five colours; many kinds; varied; melon; gourd
I got it; I see; I now know; So that's the reason
how; in what way; how about
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
originally; by nature; from the start
pirate; sea robber; buccaneer; freebooter
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
joint ownership; co-ownership; sharing (e.g. a viewpoint); sharing (files, devices on a network, posts on social media, etc.)
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
educational system; school system
to put in order; to arrange; to get ready; to prepare; to work out (e.g. business deal); to arrange (e.g. marriage)
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible