indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
large and rough; big and tough; unrefined; rustic; extreme; excessive
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
appearance; (outward) looks; exterior appearance
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
to be silent; to say nothing
to talk about; to speak of; to recite; to chant; to indicate; to show
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
misfortune; bad luck; ill luck; ill fortune
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
railway station; train station; staging post on a highway (in pre-modern Japan); counter for railway stations and bus stations
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to drive into; to ride into; to extend (a railway line, bus route, etc.) into; to link (a railway line) with; to join up with (a separate line)
to turn back; to go back; to come back; to return; to retrace one's steps
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow; anyhow; one way or another
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
please (give me); please (do for me)
horn; alarm; whistle; foghorn
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to poke each other; to jab each other
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
to hang; to suspend; to lower; to reduce; to demote; to move back
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
at once; immediately; without delay; promptly
number one; first; best; most; game; round
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
nice; good; well-executed
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
aaah!; oooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to associate with; to keep company with; to go out with; to go along with; to follow someone's lead; to accompany someone
although I say; although one might say; although called