indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
notice; attention; observation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
test; trial; probation; ordeal; tribulation
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
even more; still more; further
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
true; real; genuine; proper; utter
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pull out; to take out; to lead out (e.g. a horse from a stable); to summon (e.g. to court); to withdraw (money); to draw
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
depending on; as soon as; immediately after; as (e.g. "as one is told", "as one wishes"); whatever (e.g. "whatever is at hand"); order; program
wise person; virtuous person; sage; unrefined sake
mask; disguise; guise; mask
already; now; no longer; not any more
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
meaning; significance; sense
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)