indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
first month of the lunar calendar; January
tachibana orange (Citrus tachibana)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
any more; any further; any better; any longer
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
to wound; to injure; to hurt someone's feelings (pride, etc.); to damage; to chip
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
voice; speech; sound of a voice; sound (e.g. of a TV)
aaah!; oooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
new moon; first day of the lunar month; (in ancient China) next year's calendar and decrees (distributed by the Emperor at year's end)
(arch.) to be; (arch.) to be (location); sum of money
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
Kerberos (computer security protocol)
indicates uncertainty or second hand nature of information quoted
to fall (over, down); to collapse; to be destroyed (in a collapse); to collapse; to be confined to bed (with an illness); to come down with; to die
that kind of; of the sort; of the kind; such
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
card (information, filing, etc.); card (greetings, congratulations, etc.); (Western) playing cards; credit card; debit card; match; game
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
you (plural); all of you; you all
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
seal; to seal (e.g. a letter); to affix a seal; to seal up
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
successful execution; accomplishment; completion; fulfillment; carrying through