to compete; to contest; to quarrel; to argue; to deny (e.g. evidence)
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
to win and advance to the next round
victory; triumph; conquest; success; win
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
loser; defeated person; the defeated
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
seal; to seal (e.g. a letter); to affix a seal; to seal up
to master (a skill); proprietor; manager; leader; chief; master (of arts, science, etc.); master (recording)
groan; moan; roar; growl; buzz; hum (e.g. motor)
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
futility; waste; uselessness; pointlessness; idleness
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
birth; creation; formation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
body; physique; shape; form; substance; identity; field
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
tachibana orange (Citrus tachibana)
new moon; first day of the lunar month; (in ancient China) next year's calendar and decrees (distributed by the Emperor at year's end)
(arch.) to be; (arch.) to be (location); sum of money
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
first month of the lunar calendar; January