indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
(family) crest; coat of arms; pattern; figure
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be accompanied by; to be attended by; to take along (someone); to conquer; to subjugate; to subdue
to repel; to drive away; to repulse; to reject
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to destroy; to overthrow; to wreck; to ruin
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
declaration; proclamation; announcement
to face (each other); to be facing; to be directed toward (the future, etc.); to be in response to; to receive (a client, etc.); to compare with
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to betray; to turn traitor to; to double-cross
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
secrecy; confidentiality; privacy; one's circumstances (esp. fiscal)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
middle-aged man; Buddhist priest
to deliver; to forward; to send; to report; to notify; to file notice (to the authorities)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)