indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
horn; alarm; whistle; foghorn
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
groan; moan; growl; roar; hum (of a machine, power lines, etc.); drone (e.g. of an engine)
hey!; say!; I say!; I; me
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
no, not like that (but like this)
come (on); come now; all right; right; well; hmm
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
to come off (of a button, handle, lid, etc.); to go away (of a fever, pain, swelling, etc.); to disappear; to be harvested; to be picked; to be interpreted (as); to be taken (as)
sorry; excuse me; thank you
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to be careful; to pay attention; to take care
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
to come out; to fall out; to fade; to discolour; to wear a hole (e.g. clothes); to leave (e.g. a meeting); to be clear
sound; noise; (musical) note; fame
pupil; disciple; adherent; follower; apprentice; young person
running (of a car, bus, etc.); traveling; travelling; running (of a program)
owner (esp. of a business)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
railway station; train station; staging post on a highway (in pre-modern Japan); counter for railway stations and bus stations
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life